Browsing by Author "Ersoy, Ayhan"
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Item Arkeolojik insan kemiklerinde toksik metal ve iz elementlerinin analizi: Adramytteion (Örentepe) ve Resuloğlu örnekleri(Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011) Güner, Cenk; Ersoy, AyhanBu çalışmanın amacı, bir Orta Anadolu Erken Bronz Çağı (EBÇ) mezarlığı olan Resuloğlu'ndan alınan 81 birey ile bir Erken Bizans (EB) antik kenti olan Adramytteion' dan alınan 17 bireye ait kaburga kemiklerinde, toplumların yaşam biçimleri ile çevreleri arasındaki ilişkilerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu), kadmiyum (Cd), kurşun (Pb) ve arsenik (As) birikimlerinin tespit edilmesiydi. Pb ve Cd metalleri için Grafit Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrometresi (GAAS), Cu ve Zn içinse Fast Sequential Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrometresi (FSAAS) kullanıldı. Diğer taraftan As, hidrür sistemle analiz edildi. Resuloğlu iskelet serileri için Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb ve As değerleri sırasıyla, 103,96- 837,34 ppm; 1,99- 396,46 ppm; 0,13- 2,95 ppm; 0,87- 34,89 ppm; 0,35- 36,43 ppm aralığında bulundu. Öte yandan, Adramytteion serilerinde ise söz konusu bu değerlerin, sırasıyla 97,55- 391,39 ppm; 32,92- 56,63 ppm; 0,20- 2,72 ppm; 8,08- 44,98 ppm ve 17,05- 54,35 ppm aralığında oldukları tespit edildi. Bu sonuçlar, her iki kazı bölgesinde yaşamış olan sakinlerin yaş grupları arasında, metal birikimleri bakımından yüksek bir çeşitliliğin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Resuloğlu ve Adramytteion örnekleri için, Resuloğlu iskeletlerine ait istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunan (p<0,05) bakır ve kadmiyum konsantrasyonları hariç tutulursa, yaş grupları bakımından istatistiksel olarak herhangi bir anlamlılık bulunamadı (p>0,05). Benzer biçimde, Resuloğlu popülasyonunda hem cinsiyet hem de ölü hediyeleri bakımından bir anlamlılık da bulunamadı. Adramytteion iskelet serilerinde Cu düzeyleri, cinsiyete dayalı olarak anlamlılık sınırına yakın olmasına karşın (p= 0,055) diğer metallerde böyle bir istatistiksel anlamlılık bulunmadı. Metal birikimlerin arkasında yatan sebepleri daha iyi anlayabilmek amacıyla, her iki kazı alanının farklı bölgelerinden alınan toprak ve su örnekleri, ayrıca analiz edildi. Her bir element için hesaplanan kemik/toprak oranları, söz konusu birikimlerin arkasında diyagenetik etkilerin olduğu fikrini desteklemektedir. Buna karşın su örneklerinin kemiklerde metal konsantrasyonları üzerinde bir etkisinin bulunmadığı tespit edildi. Resuloğlu sakinlerinin bakır düzeyleri için, böyle bir birikimin arkasındaki temel faktörün, yalnızca diyagenetik etkiler değil, ölü hediyeleri de olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, Adramytteion sakinlerinde tespit edilen yüksek Cu düzeyleri ile ilgili farklı etkenlerin açıklanabilmesi için daha fazla çalışma yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.AbstractThe aim of this study was to detect the retention of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) on rib bones belonging to 81 individuals gathered from the Resuloğlu necropolis, a Central Anatolian early Bronze Age (EBA) excavation site, as well as 17 individuals collected from Adramytteion, an Early Byzantine (EB) ancient city, in order to understand more about interactions between their lifestyle and the environment. Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) was used for the assays of Pb and Cd. Furthermore, Cu and Zn were evaluated with Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FSAAS) while As was analyzed using the hydride system. The ranges of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As levels were found between 103.96- 837.34 ppm; 1.99-396.46 ppm; 0.13-2.95 ppm; 0.87-34.89 ppm; 0.35-36.43 ppm for Resuloğlu skeletal series, respectively. On the other hand, they were 97.55- 391.39 ppm; 32.92- 56.63 ppm; 0.20- 2.72 ppm; 8.08- 44.98 ppm; 17.05- 54.35 ppm for Adramytteion series, respectively. The outcomes vary highly among age groups of ancient inhabitants for both the excavation areas. No significance was found in terms of age groups for the Resuloğlu and the Adramytteion specimens statistically (p>0.05) apart from the concentrations of copper and cadmium belonging to Resuloğlu skeletals which were statistically significant (p<0.05). It was also found no statistically significance based on both sex and burial gifts for Resuloğlu ancient population. Although the Cu levels for Adramytteion skeletal series were near to the limit of significance (p= 0.055) in terms of gender, other metals were not statistically significant. In order to reveal the origin of the retentions, soil and water samples obtained from the different regions of the excavation areas were also analyzed. Bone/soil ratios for each element in both excavation areas support the notion that the origin of the accumulations arises from diagenetic effects. Yet, no influence of metal concentrations was found in water samples over the bones. For Cu retention of Resuloğlu inhabitants, it is believed that the major factor behind this accumulation depends not only on diagenetic factors but also burial gifts. For Adramytteion inhabitants, however, further studies need to be sorted out the causes of higher Cu levels detected during analysis.Item Arkeolojik insan kemiklerinde toksik metal ve iz elementlerinin analizi: Adramytteion (Örentepe) ve Resuloğlu örnekleri(Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011) Güner, Cenk; Ersoy, AyhanBu çalışmanın amacı, bir Orta Anadolu Erken Bronz Çağı (EBÇ) mezarlığı olan Resuloğlu'ndan alınan 81 birey ile bir Erken Bizans (EB) antik kenti olan Adramytteion' dan alınan 17 bireye ait kaburga kemiklerinde, toplumların yaşam biçimleri ile çevreleri arasındaki ilişkilerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu), kadmiyum (Cd), kurşun (Pb) ve arsenik (As) birikimlerinin tespit edilmesiydi. Pb ve Cd metalleri için Grafit Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrometresi (GAAS), Cu ve Zn içinse Fast Sequential Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrometresi (FSAAS) kullanıldı. Diğer taraftan As, hidrür sistemle analiz edildi. Resuloğlu iskelet serileri için Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb ve As değerleri sırasıyla, 103,96- 837,34 ppm; 1,99- 396,46 ppm; 0,13- 2,95 ppm; 0,87- 34,89 ppm; 0,35- 36,43 ppm aralığında bulundu. Öte yandan, Adramytteion serilerinde ise söz konusu bu değerlerin, sırasıyla 97,55- 391,39 ppm; 32,92- 56,63 ppm; 0,20- 2,72 ppm; 8,08- 44,98 ppm ve 17,05- 54,35 ppm aralığında oldukları tespit edildi. Bu sonuçlar, her iki kazı bölgesinde yaşamış olan sakinlerin yaş grupları arasında, metal birikimleri bakımından yüksek bir çeşitliliğin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Resuloğlu ve Adramytteion örnekleri için, Resuloğlu iskeletlerine ait istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunan (p<0,05) bakır ve kadmiyum konsantrasyonları hariç tutulursa, yaş grupları bakımından istatistiksel olarak herhangi bir anlamlılık bulunamadı (p>0,05). Benzer biçimde, Resuloğlu popülasyonunda hem cinsiyet hem de ölü hediyeleri bakımından bir anlamlılık da bulunamadı. Adramytteion iskelet serilerinde Cu düzeyleri, cinsiyete dayalı olarak anlamlılık sınırına yakın olmasına karşın (p= 0,055) diğer metallerde böyle bir istatistiksel anlamlılık bulunmadı. Metal birikimlerin arkasında yatan sebepleri daha iyi anlayabilmek amacıyla, her iki kazı alanının farklı bölgelerinden alınan toprak ve su örnekleri, ayrıca analiz edildi. Her bir element için hesaplanan kemik/toprak oranları, söz konusu birikimlerin arkasında diyagenetik etkilerin olduğu fikrini desteklemektedir. Buna karşın su örneklerinin kemiklerde metal konsantrasyonları üzerinde bir etkisinin bulunmadığı tespit edildi. Resuloğlu sakinlerinin bakır düzeyleri için, böyle bir birikimin arkasındaki temel faktörün, yalnızca diyagenetik etkiler değil, ölü hediyeleri de olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, Adramytteion sakinlerinde tespit edilen yüksek Cu düzeyleri ile ilgili farklı etkenlerin açıklanabilmesi için daha fazla çalışma yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.AbstractThe aim of this study was to detect the retention of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) on rib bones belonging to 81 individuals gathered from the Resuloğlu necropolis, a Central Anatolian early Bronze Age (EBA) excavation site, as well as 17 individuals collected from Adramytteion, an Early Byzantine (EB) ancient city, in order to understand more about interactions between their lifestyle and the environment. Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) was used for the assays of Pb and Cd. Furthermore, Cu and Zn were evaluated with Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FSAAS) while As was analyzed using the hydride system. The ranges of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As levels were found between 103.96- 837.34 ppm; 1.99-396.46 ppm; 0.13-2.95 ppm; 0.87-34.89 ppm; 0.35-36.43 ppm for Resuloğlu skeletal series, respectively. On the other hand, they were 97.55- 391.39 ppm; 32.92- 56.63 ppm; 0.20- 2.72 ppm; 8.08- 44.98 ppm; 17.05- 54.35 ppm for Adramytteion series, respectively. The outcomes vary highly among age groups of ancient inhabitants for both the excavation areas. No significance was found in terms of age groups for the Resuloğlu and the Adramytteion specimens statistically (p>0.05) apart from the concentrations of copper and cadmium belonging to Resuloğlu skeletals which were statistically significant (p<0.05). It was also found no statistically significance based on both sex and burial gifts for Resuloğlu ancient population. Although the Cu levels for Adramytteion skeletal series were near to the limit of significance (p= 0.055) in terms of gender, other metals were not statistically significant. In order to reveal the origin of the retentions, soil and water samples obtained from the different regions of the excavation areas were also analyzed. Bone/soil ratios for each element in both excavation areas support the notion that the origin of the accumulations arises from diagenetic effects. Yet, no influence of metal concentrations was found in water samples over the bones. For Cu retention of Resuloğlu inhabitants, it is believed that the major factor behind this accumulation depends not only on diagenetic factors but also burial gifts. For Adramytteion inhabitants, however, further studies need to be sorted out the causes of higher Cu levels detected during analysis.Item İnsanın filetik evriminde kol/bacak iskeletinin oransal ilişkisi: Aslantepe, Ilıpınar ve Iasos toplumlarının analizi(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2008) Mermer Alpagut, Asuman; Ersoy, Ayhan; PaleoantropolojiIn this thesis which both theoretical and practical (applied) methods were used, first of all, proportional relation of extremity length of Hominidea in the philogenetic evolution is discussed, then a biometrical study is implemented on skeletal material from late Roman-early Byzantine Arslantepe, Ilıpınar (Byzantine) and Iasos (Byzantine) which are the archaeological samples of HomoSsapiens sapiens from Anatolia.The relative proportion of the extremities had undergone many important changes in the process of hominisation (becoming human). Through the anatomical changes started with bipedalism, which freed hands from walking, the relationship between the skeleton of the upper and lower extremity and the development of the volume of the brain gradually caused to the bio-cultural evolution of human.The morphometric changes in the skeletal structure, which humans developed against the environmental conditions during the evolutionary process, are clearly seen in the measurements of the upper and lower limb bones and relative proportions of these bones.The relative proportions of the extremities of the modern humans are widely varied depending on the life-styles, environmental and genetic factors. From this point of view, the relative proportions of the extremities from late Roman and early Byzantine populations from different parts of Anatolia are studied in this thesis.The proportional relationships of upper and lower limb bones are analyzed biometrically by five different measurements which are taken from the extremities of 99 skeletons and 5 indexes calculated from these measurements. The SPSS analysis are performed in order to determine whether the brachial, crural and intermembral indexes, which display the proportional relationship of these bones, show any significant differences depending on a) to sex and b) to regions.As a result of this study, the measurements and indexes of male samples of Aslantepe, Ilıpınar and Iasos populations, which not necessarily show any significant differences statistically, gave relatively higher figures compared to the female samples of the same populations.The comparison of these populations upon regions, again not necessarily show any significant differences statistically, but it has been found that the mean averages of indexes calculated for Ilıpınar (Marmara Region) and Iasos (Aegean Region) are very similar, while Aslantepe (Southeastern Anatolia) has different values (lower mean average indexes) compared to these populations.The scientific results, which will be attained by the increase of the quantity of morphometrical analysis on the ancient Anatolian populations, will enhance our knowledge about evolutionary relationships of human with his close and distant relatives in the evolutionary tree.Item Karain Mağarası Mikrofauna Tafonomisi(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2007) Demirel, Fatma Arzu; Ersoy, Ayhan; AntropolojiIn this thesis, the microfaunal assemblages from Karain Cave (Antalya) unearthed during the archaeological excavations until the year 2000 are investigated with the object of gaining information about their accumulation processes. Bearing in mind that the archaeological microfaunal assemblages are in fact accumulated by the predators, and especially by the owls regarding the caves, possible predator biases and modifications are investigated. Some other taphonomic modifications are also investigated in order to reveal the other possible accumulation processes. The microfaunal remains from different geological units dating to Pleistocene Period are combined in order to gain parallel information with the previous faunal and typological studies. Therefore, microfaunal remains from ten geological units in Chamber E constituted four and seven geological units in Chamber B constituted three microfaunal assemblages. These are formed the basis for the present study. All of the microfaunal assemblages investigated in this thesis appeared to be prey assemblages of predators which are accumulated underneath the nestling or roosting place of an owl. In fact, the identified predators, European eagle owl (Bubo Bubo) and tawny owl (Strix aluco), are both opportunistic predators. Therefore, the species representations of the subjected assemblages are accurate representation of the small mammal communities present in the habitat. As a result, the archaeological microfaunal assemblages should always be considered as a prey assemblage and possible predator biases should be investigated before interpreting palaeoecology.Item Miyosen Hominoidlerinin dağılımında Anadolu'nun yeri ve önemi(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2009) Şarbak, Ayşegül; Ersoy, Ayhan; AntropolojiHominoids has started to seen in the Early Miocene. They have passed from Africa to Eurasia through Anatolia 16 ma. There has been four Hominoid fossils localities found in Anatolia and with the further researches it is believed this number will increase. Further researches will prove more information on the Hominoid evolution in Anatolia.In this thesis first describes the evolution of vitality. To understand the Hominoid evulation the taxonomy has been given starting from the first hominoid proconcul and all of other miocene Hominoids. The for Anatolian Homioid have been given with localization, chronology to understand the Anatolian Hominoids.Final part is about Anatolia within Miocene Homioid localization on the earth. Further researches in Anatolia will provide more information on the Miocene Hominoids importance.Item Modern insanın evrimine ilişkin teorilerin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010) Göksaran, Mete Can; Ersoy, Ayhan; AntropolojiAdmittedly, one of the most hotly debated issues in contemporary paleonanthropology is the modern human origins. This debate -which has also paved the way for the emergence of paleonanthropology as a science- has been tackled and interpreted by several different scientific societies with various approaches. In order to discuss on a scientific basis, potential results and consequences should necessarily be assisted and supported by data from other disciplines and other field of studies as well. In this context, along with paleoanthropological evidences, namely fossil materials, supportive elements from archaeological and genetic studies are obviously required. In recent years, particularly in light of advancements in dating and genetic studies researchers have been able to construct relatively more reliable assumptions and evolutionary models regarding to modern human origins. While most of these views are consist of recently revived and reviewed versions of previously put forward models, others are based on new standpoints. In light of ongoing debates for years, -despite the fact there have been various sub-model proposals which are based on different structural foundations- models regarding to modern human origins have been grouped under two main categories.One of these models has been proposed and supported by researchers like F. Weidenreich, M. Wolpoff and A. Thorne. It has been titled as Multi Regional Evolution model. According to this model, migration and admixture -on a genetical basis- are not considered on a substantial basis. Without losing interspecific gene flow, archaic species that had been dispersed severalparts of the Old World through migration acts initiated by Homo erectus populations approximately 1, 8 - 1, 7 million years ago, almost simultaneously evolved into archaic Homo species then ultimately to Homo sapiens. The competing model, which is mostly supported by genetical studies, is called the Out of Africa model (also known as Recent African Origin model) and it is championed by researchers like A. Wilson, R. Cann, C. Stringer, P. Andrews, D. Cameroon and C. Groves. According to Out of Africa model, about 200.000 and 150.000 years ago an archaic form of Homo genus emerged in East Africa (Ethiopia today), by means of migration it dispersed and reached Middle East around 80.000, Europe 50.000, Australia 40.000 and ultimately North America 14.000 years ago. It has been argued that this species replaced other archaic forms that had previously dispersed to many regions of the Old World, thus formed a direct ancestral lineage to what we regard it today as Homo sapiens sapiens.Genetical data which are seemingly support traditional Out of Africa evolution model have been attained from mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) studies. Lewin (2003), emphasizes the fact that the mtDNA's relatively small and circular-shaped structure has approximately 510 times faster mutation rate than that of long and linear molecules of nuclear DNA. However, by contrast with the nuclear DNA is that inherited from both mother and father, mtDNA only inherited from mother to daughter therefore, it functions as a comparatively more purposive and reliable molecular clock. Genetical differences and diversification observed in Sub-Saharan Africa emphasizes that Africa has had far more extended history of human presence than those of any other parts of the world. Apart from mtDNA, Y-chromosome is the only genetical material that passes on directly from one of the parents to the descendant. Y-chromosome inherited from father to son yet it hardly reflects any signs of genetical diversification among the contemporary populations throughout the world today. Proponents of the Out of Africa model present it as aproof that Homo sapiens in the past -possibly quite recently- has descended from an extremely small population. Quite recently, it has been argued that studies which have undertaken on the 12th chromosome indicates that the 12th chromosome's structure exhibits higher diversification among Sub-Saharan African populations while other regions of Africa -like northwest Africa- display far less diversification as the case with the rest of the world that almost lacks this character.Proponents of the Multi Regional Evolution model hold that, not only the outcomes of the mtDNA and Y-chromosome studies that are capable enough to help us through the impasse of modern human origins debate but also -and perhaps most essentially- fossil materials which are stretch over millions of years should be considered as a referral source. Multi Regional Evolution model posits that humans whom can be described as a modern had started to made their way out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago and descended from previously dispersed Homo erectus populations by gene flow retaining both their anatomical, social and cultural traits acquiring regional continuity. Supporters of the Multi Regional Evolution model respond to the replacement phenomenon which Out of Africa model proposed, as -at least among archaeological material- it should have been observed that replacement had been taking place yet there aren't any signs of replacement have been observed in Asia -which takes up the majority of the Old World-. While hand axes were widely being utilizing in Africa, in East Asia hand axes haven't been involved in the tool kit by any means either before or after the migration wave out of Africa. It's been argued, by this, lower genetic diversification among today's human population, in other words occurrence of higher frequency of genetic similarity are the proofs that reveal the intimate genetical linkages, relatively recent archaic relationships and presence of mechanisms like genetic exchange or gene flow.Item Muğla ve Çevresinin Antropolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2011) Kanık, Derya; Ersoy, AyhanBu çalışma içerisinde, Muğla ili ve ilçelerinde yer alan Karya coğrafi bölgesi içinde kalan iskelet buluntu veren alanlar, bu buluntulardan elde edilen antropolojik veriler, yörenin paleoekolojisi ve insanlık tarihi açısından önemi de dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bölgenin tarihi, memeli hayvan göçlerinden başlayarak anlatılmış, bu göçleri insan göçlerinin takip etmesine ve yörede neden yoğun göç olduğuna değinilmiştir. Muğla ili ve ilçelerindeki Karya kentlerinde yapılmış olan arkeolojik çalışmalar ve bu alanlardan elde edilmiş, antropolojik açıdan incelenmiş 6 alandaki iskelet kalıntılarından elde edilen veriler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu 6 alanda karşılaşılmış patolojik bulgulara, kafa tiplerine ve morfolojik yapılara ayrıca değinilmiş, bunların bu alanlarda görülme sebeplerine ilişkin yorumlar yapılmıştır. Çalışmamız, bölgenin tarih boyunca elverişli yaşam koşulları sebebiyle önemini koruduğunu, ancak yine de yörede yaşayan insanların ortalama yaşam koşullarının çok da iyi olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Abstract In this study, the present information about the the human skeletal remains which were unearthed from the archaeological sites of the ancient province of Caria within Mugla province were collected and evaluated with special regard to paleoecology and significance of the area within the human history. History of the area starting with the migration of mammalian animals, which followed by human migration and the causes of this intense migration movements to this area was investigated. The archaeological studies in so-called Carian geographical area within Muğla province are searched through the literature and the results of the anthropological studies are collected from these areas. The data on the skeletal remains from 6 archaeological sites which have anthropological reports were collected and analysed. The pathological data, the morphological features and also the cranial types of the skeletal remains of these 6 sites are examined; and the prevalence and the possible reasons of the skeletal pathologies and the morphological diversity of the human populations throughout the history in this certain part of Anatolia are discussed within the framework of the available data. The results of this study have shown that the despite being a very important for its favourable living conditions of the aforesaid area throughout the history, the people living in this part of Anatolia did not have very good health and living conditions back in the ancient history.Item Paleoekoloji ve tafonominin paleoantropolojik çalışmalardaki önemi ve Çandır örneği(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2007) Demirbaş, Özge; Ersoy, Ayhan; AntropolojiPaleoecology define the living habits of fosil organisms, the interactions of group organisms, and the relationships between sediments and animals or plants. Past ecosystems are interpreted by comparison with present-day ones, but it must be recognized at the outset that past ecosystems do not necessarily have present-day counter-parts. Paleoecology is study in many ways the same as study of ecology, but it uses very different sources of information. Aims of paleoecology is to document climatic change over time and in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment of a specific fossil locality to link evolutionary change to climatic change. The fossil deposit settings has a profound influence on a community?s condition of preservation. For these reasons, a paleoecological reconstruction must take into account the effects of all the various preservation factors. Taphonomic eleminating process or bias first involves location of the organism. Information from studying fossils in geological context may reveal the ways in which humans and other organisms were interrelated parts of an evolving system. Taphonomy researches the study of mortality, decay, disarticulation, transport, burial, time-averaging of fossil assemblages, depositional environments of fossil preservation, diagenesis and completeness of the fossil record. Taphonomy has become sufficient to begin predicting the utility of the fossil record in ecological and evolutionary studies. Paleoecology and taphonomy provides the conditions and factors that affects the human evolution and also brings out the ancient form's relation with the environment. Therefore, these two sister disciplines are being used in paleoanthropological studies.Item Şempanze türleri arasındaki sosyo-biyolojik farklılıklar(Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2009) Güzel, Özlem; Ersoy, AyhanSosyo-biyoloji, türlerdeki sosyal davranısların biyolojik köklerini arastıran ve\r\ninceleyen bir bilim dalıdır. Bu arastırmalar, bütün biyolojik türler için söz konusudur. Sosyobiyoloji,\r\nbiyoloji bilimlerinde tartısmasız yeri olan ve en az yirmi bes yıllık bir geçmise\r\ndayanan bir bilim dalıdır.\r\nSempanze türlerinin sosyo-biyolojik açıdan benzerlik ve farklılıklarının arastırılmasın\r\nda bilinen sempanze ve bonoboları iki farklı tür yapan sebepler, ne kadar yıl önce\r\nbirbirlerinden ayrıldıkları ve aynı ortak atadan gelen bu iki türün ayrılığının nedenleri ortaya\r\nkonulmustur. Arastırmalar esnasında Pan paniscus ve Pan troglodytes ayrıntılı olarak\r\nincelenmis ve sonrasında bu iki tür birbirlerine benzer ve farklı yönleri ile karsılastırılmıstır.\r\nAntropologlar en az yüz yıldır, alt türlerin insana olan benzerliğini göstermek ve\r\ninsanın bu alt türlerden evrildiğini kanıtlamak çabası içindedirler. Dnsanda görülen özellikleri\r\ndetaylı olarak incelersek, bunların büyük bir bölümünün primatlarda görülen özelliklere\r\nbenzer olduğu kolaylıkla görülebilir. Primatoloji primatları inceleyen bir bilim dalıdır. Bu\r\ntezde primat türlerinden bilinen sempanzeler ve bonobolardan bahsedilmistir ve bu türlerin de\r\nhomo genusu ile iliskisi kurulmaya çalısılmıstır. (Socio-biology is a scientific discipline which deals with biological roots of social\r\nbehaviors in species. Those studies are subject to all biological species. Certainly, sociobiology\r\nhas a siginificant role in biology sciences and its history lies at least twent-five years.\r\nWith the studies of chimpanzee species in terms of socio-biological similarities and\r\ndifferences; reasons which had made the chmipanzees and bonobos two different species,\r\nwhen they had been distinguished from each other. Moreover, during the study Pan paniscus\r\nand Pan troglodytes were studied in details and those two species were comparied in terms of\r\nsimilarities and differences.\r\nAnthropologist has been had a purpose to evaluate the similarity between sub-species\r\nand humans at least for a hunderd of year. If we examine the properties which are seen in\r\nhumans we can easily see that similar properties are also seen in primates. Primatology is a\r\nscientific discipline which studies in primates. In this thesis from the primates species;\r\nchimpanzees and bonobos were examined; in addition, homo genus of those species was tried\r\nto be linked.)